Acute Changes in Trace Elements and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Coronary Angiography for Suspected or Known Coronary Artery Disease.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased oxidative stress and a high burden of cardiovascular disease. Coronary angiography introduces several potential physiological influences, including contrast exposure, vascular manipulation, fasting, and peri-procedural fluid administration. However, short-term changes in circulating trace elements and antioxidant biomarkers after the procedure remain insufficiently characterized. Because these factors were not examined separately in the present study, any observed pre-post differences were interpreted as associations rather than proof of contrast-induced vascular injury.